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Restricting chart access using role-based security is the most effective method to prevent unauthorized disclosure of sensitive patient information, such as a positive HIV test result. Role-based security ensures that only personnel who need access to specific information for their job functions can view that information. This means that clerical staff without a clinical or direct need to know the details of patient health information will not have access to sensitive data, thus minimizing the potential for unauthorized disclosures.

In healthcare settings, where patient privacy is paramount, role-based access not only protects the confidentiality of sensitive information but also aligns with regulatory requirements such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Implementing this access control mechanism helps create a culture of accountability and security around patient records.

While conducting chart audits, requiring self-reporting of violations, and implementing patient confidentiality policies all contribute to overall information security, they do not directly prevent unauthorized access in the same way that role-based security does. Audits may identify issues after they have occurred, self-reporting relies on individuals to come forward, and policies alone do not enforce the necessary technical safeguards. Therefore, the proactive nature of role-based security makes it the best choice for addressing this specific issue.